Citrix Director provides the invite file, and it can be downloaded without any issues.
Launch attempt fails with the error:

The events observed in the Event logs (Source: RemoteAssistance):
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Citrix Director Shadow Feature Fails with File Corruption Errors After OS Security Update
We have made updates to our products in response to recent changes introduced by OS security updates.
LTSR
The enhancements are available in the updates for the following releases:
2402 The enhancements are targeted for upcoming Cumulative Update
CR
The enhancements are targeted for the upcoming Current Release version.
Citrix DaaS
Please note that all items listed above represent targeted releases. Plans are subject to change, and inclusion is not guaranteed.
Workaround:
Customers who use the latest version of CVAD and Director can use a new functionality: HDX Screen Sharing.
https://docs.citrix.com/en-us/citrix-virtual-apps-desktops/whats-new
Administrators / Help Desk users should be able to offer assistance using "msra.exe /offerra".
HDX Screen sharing for Director
HDX Screen sharing is available for shadowing using Citrix Director for Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops on-premises installations and Citrix Monitor for Citrix Cloud deployments. HDX Screen sharing is the new method for shadowing and provides a native, low latency alternative to the current shadowing. HDX Screen sharing for Director is available for all VDAs, including non-domain joined and Entra ID joined VDAs.
Citrix shadowing functionality is affected after recent OS patching.
Invite file cannot be launched from the Windows machine with security update installed.
This article will be updated during the investigation.
HDX Screen sharing:
https://docs.citrix.com/en-us/citrix-virtual-apps-desktops/whats-new
https://docs.citrix.com/en-us/citrix-virtual-apps-desktops/graphics/introduction/hdx-screen-sharing